Publications

Journal

2025

Jul 04, 2025 • Leonardo T. Pereira, T. Yuji Teoi, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Evaluating a Procedural Content Orchestrator Gameplay Data and Classifying User Profiles

Keywords: procedural content generation, player profiling, content orchestration, gameplay metrics evaluation, machine learning
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
Background: Content Orchestration is a novel research field focused on coordinating distinct types of algorithmically generated game content. Purpose: Thus, the lack of research in this area hinders the analysis of gameplay data and player profiling in games with orchestrated content. Methods: This paper is an extension of a work that collected and analyzed gameplay logs of 15 players who played 119 game sections of 12 different dungeons of a top-down action game. The game’s Levels, Rules, and Narrative content were orchestrated and adapted to player profiles defined from a pre-test questionnaire. PCA and clustering techniques were used to highlight relevant gameplay metrics for distinguishing play styles. In this extension, we used the gameplay data alone to train classifiers with and without data augmentation to predict a user’s profile, measuring the accuracy, precision, recall and f1-score with a train-test split and a 5-fold cross-validation for a more robust accuracy. We also implemented data augmentation on our gameplay metrics sample. Results: We identified, through the previous work, two components of PCA explaining a total of 65% of data variability, containing data such as Lock Usage Rate, Enemy Kill Rate, Map Completion, and Completed Immersion Quests. We also found game difficulty as an important level component for impact clustering. Through data augmentation, we achieved novel results, such as a mean accuracy of almost 95%, measured with a 5-fold cross-validation, for the Histogram-based Gradient Boosting classifier when predicting a player’s profile based on their gameplay data, even with our small sample size. Conclusion: Our work guides developers and researchers to choose relevant gameplay metrics to determine players’ play styles. Our extended results suggest that we can predict player’s profiles through gameplay metrics and data augmentation, even for small samples. More studies are needed to validate our findings, with a larger and more diverse player-base.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@article{pereira:2025:jis, 
place={Porto Alegre, RS}, 
title={Evaluating a Procedural Content Orchestrator Gameplay Data and Classifying User Profiles}, 
volume={16}, 
url={https://journals-sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/jis/article/view/5630}, 
DOI={10.5753/jis.2025.5630}, 
number={1}, 
journal={Journal on Interactive Systems}, 
author={Pereira, Leonardo Tórtoro and Teoi, T. Yuji and Toledo, Claudio Fabiano Motta}, 
year={2025}, 
month={Jul.}, 
pages={490–504} 
}
```

2022

Oct 12, 2022 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Breno M. F. Viana, Claudio F. M. Toledo
A System for Orchestrating Multiple Procedurally Generated Content for Different Player Profiles

Keywords: software architecture, procedural content generation, Content orchestration, games, player classification
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
We propose a system able to orchestrate the procedural generation of three creative facets (levels, narrative, and rules), using quality-diversity algorithms to promote diversity while converging to the desired solutions and able to satisfy different player's profiles. We aim to facilitate the project's reproducibility and extension by presenting the system's architecture and high-level design decisions and showcasing how we decoupled it enough to change algorithms. Our generation starts with a grammar-based quest generator that works as a frame for two quality-diversity algorithms: a level generator, which also creates locked-door puzzles, and an enemy generator, which selects their visuals based on their weapons. A rule-based profile analysis uses a pretest questionnaire to classify the player into four profiles, and the quest generator creates different content for each of them. We use a game prototype to test our system with over 83 players, playing over 204 levels and answering a posttest questionnaire after each. Results show the game and contents were well received, and there was a difference in perception between profiles. Players who played content based on their profile enjoyed it more than those playing content from another profile.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@ARTICLE{pereira:2022:tog,
author={Pereira, Leonardo Tortoro and Viana, Breno M. F. and Toledo, Claudio F. M.},
journal={IEEE Transactions on Games}, 
title={A System for Orchestrating Multiple Procedurally Generated Content for Different Player Profiles}, 
year={2024},
volume={16},
number={1},
pages={64-74},
keywords={Video games;Visualization;Grammar;Software architecture;
Procedural generation;Content orchestration;games;player classification;
procedural content generation},
doi={10.1109/TG.2022.3213781}}
```

Feb 12, 2022 • Breno M.F. Viana, Leonardo T. Pereira, Claudio F.M. Toledo, Selan R. dos Santos, Silvia M.D.M. Maia
Feasible–Infeasible Two-Population Genetic Algorithm to evolve dungeon levels with dependencies in barrier mechanics

Keywords: Level generation, Procedural content generation, Barrier mechanics, Video games, Constrained optimization
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
This paper presents a search-based solution for the generation of dungeon levels with barrier mechanics and the placement of challenges and rewards in the levels’ rooms. The barrier is a feature that temporarily blocks the player’s progression, where one or more keys will unblock the way. The placement of barriers and keys must satisfy some constraints since the player cannot be stuck during the gameplay. Feasible–Infeasible Two-Population Genetic Algorithm (FI2Pop GA) evolves a grid representation that handles the level dependencies of barrier mechanics. We propose the concept of ordered regions to control the availability of keys better in the levels and procedures to create levels with more diversity in their contents. Data to measure the variety of the generated content is collected based on map linearity, mission linearity, leniency, and path redundancy. We analyzed our results through expressive range analysis, and it shows that our approach can generate a wide variety of playable levels.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@article{viana:2022,
title = {Feasible–Infeasible Two-Population Genetic Algorithm to evolve dungeon levels with dependencies in barrier mechanics},
journal = {Applied Soft Computing},
volume = {119},
pages = {108586},
year = {2022},
issn = {1568-4946},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2022.108586},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568494622000989},
author = {Breno M.F. Viana and Leonardo T. Pereira and Claudio F.M. Toledo and Selan R. {dos Santos} and Silvia M.D.M. Maia},
keywords = {Level generation, Procedural content generation, Barrier mechanics, Video games, Constrained optimization}  
}
```

2021

Oct 15, 2021 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Paulo V. S. Prado, Rafael M. Lopes, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Procedural generation of dungeons’ maps and locked-door missions through an evolutionary algorithm validated with players

Keywords: Evolutionary algorithm, Procedural content generation, Level generation, Mission generation, Adaptive game content
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
The present research introduces an evolutionary algorithm able to procedurally generate dungeon maps containing locked door missions. The evolutionary algorithm evolves a tree structure, which encodes dungeons, aiming to generate levels close to the input configuration provided by a game designer. The tree structure holds information about the number of rooms, connections between them, and their position within a 2D map. The proposed encoding also allows evolving semantic information about the narrative of the game. This is done by feasibly setting keys and locks throughout the dungeons for locked door missions. The generated dungeons are then evaluated computationally and as a proof of concept using an adventure game prototype. A total of 70 players evaluated the contents and the results show that the procedurally generated levels are perceived as more human-made, fun, and difficult than their human-made counterparts for most cases.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@article{pereira:2021,
title = {Procedural generation of dungeons’ maps and 
locked-door missions through an evolutionary algorithm validated with players},
journal = {Expert Systems with Applications},
volume = {180},
pages = {115009},
year = {2021},
issn = {0957-4174},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115009},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417421004504},
author = {Leonardo Tortoro Pereira and Paulo Victor de Souza Prado and 
Rafael Miranda Lopes and Claudio Fabiano Motta Toledo},
keywords = {Evolutionary algorithm, Procedural content generation, 
Level generation, Mission generation, Adaptive game content},
}
```

2017

Oct 20, 2017 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Claudio F.M. Toledo
Speeding up Search-Based Algorithms for Level Generation in Physics-Based Puzzle Games

Keywords: Search-based algorithms, machine learning, procedural content generation, classification, video game
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
This research uses Machine Learning (ML) techniques in order to aid search-based (SB) algorithms to improve level generation for physics-based puzzle games. These algorithms’ performance are improved by reducing simulation time when the ML techniques are applied. Classification algorithms prevent levels with undesired traits to be evaluated during the simulation phase of the SB procedures. An Angry Birds clone is used for conducting the experiments and results report improvement using the combined approach against every SB algorithm by itself.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@article{pereira:2017,
author = {Pereira, Leonardo T. and Toledo, Claudio F. M.},
title = {Speeding up Search-Based Algorithms for Level Generation in Physics-Based Puzzle Games},
journal = {International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools},
volume = {26},
number = {05},
pages = {1760019},
year = {2017},
doi = {10.1142/S0218213017600193},
URL = {     
        https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218213017600193
},
eprint = { 
    
        https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218213017600193
}
}
```

Conference

2025

Aug 11, 2025 • Ticianne Darin, Kamila Rodrigues, Georgia da Cruz Pereira, Diego E. Ricca, Leonardo T. Pereira
IV Workshop on Interaction and User Research in Game Development (WIPlay)

Keywords: human-computer interaction, digital games
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
Recognizing digital games as a significant global cultural force offering diverse opportunities across entertainment, education, health, and other domains, the international Human-Computer Interaction community has focused on game research. However, a need persists to bridge geographical contexts and foster cross-disciplinary collaboration. To address this, the fourth edition of WIPlay has evolved from three successful Brazilian national workshops into an international platform at INTERACT 2025. We broadened its scope by incorporating diverse cultural perspectives on player experience, inclusive design, and global challenges in the gaming industry. By attracting international HCI researchers, game developers, and game user researchers, WIPlay provides a collaborative space for discussing, exploring, and defining future directions for the field.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@InProceedings{10.1007/978-3-032-05008-3_71,
author="Darin, Ticianne
and Rodrigues, Kamila
and Pereira, Georgia da Cruz
and Ricca, Diego En{\'e}as
and Pereira, Leonardo T{\'o}rtoro",
editor="Ardito, Carmelo
and Diniz Junqueira Barbosa, Simone
and Conte, Tayana
and Freire, Andr{\'e}
and Gasparini, Isabela
and Palanque, Philippe
and Prates, Raquel",
title="IV Workshop on Interaction and User Research in Game Development (WIPlay)",
booktitle="Human-Computer Interaction -- INTERACT 2025",
year="2026",
publisher="Springer Nature Switzerland",
address="Cham",
pages="382--388",
isbn="978-3-032-05008-3"
}
```

Aug 11, 2025 • Pedro R. Rocha, Leonardo T. Pereira, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Evolutionary Boss Improvement in Doom

Keywords: games, generative systems, genetic algorithm, heuristics, representation
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
Automating part of enemy balancing may save precious resources for developers, allowing them to focus on more creative tasks, while also enabling developers to create enemies that cater to specific kinds of players. In this paper, we adapt the 'Evolutionary Boss Improvement' (EBI) method to the DOOM game, modifying the Cyberdemon enemy. This increases the method's generality by testing its effectiveness in another game genre. By implementing the EBI pipeline with appropriate adaptations to the encoding, decoding, crossover and mutation algorithms, we were able to improve the fitness of our enemies, which was evaluated by having a set percentage of remaining health after testing with bots. We asked anonymous volunteers to play the game against either the original Cyberdemon or our modified version (evolved using EBI) and to fill a survey about their experience, allowing us to assess their opinions about the boss fight. The version each player fought was randomly selected when starting the game, making it a double-blind experiment. The results indicate we created an individual with a similar feel to the original, maintaining player satisfaction, whilst also requiring less manpower from the developer.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{rocha:2025,
author = {Rocha, Pedro Regattieri and Pereira, Leonardo T\'{o}rtoro and Toledo, Cl\'{a}udio Fabiano Motta},
title = {Evolutionary Boss Improvement in Doom},
year = {2025},
isbn = {9798400714641},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3712255.3726718},
doi = {10.1145/3712255.3726718},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion},
pages = {891–894},
numpages = {4},
keywords = {games, generative systems, genetic algorithm, heuristics, representation},
location = {NH Malaga Hotel, Malaga, Spain},
series = {GECCO '25 Companion}
}
```

Jul 01, 2025 • Alexandre Dos Anjos De Souza, Leonardo Pereira, Wilk Oliveira
Analyzing the Potential of a Roguelike Deckbuilder Serious Game to Improve Brazilian Sign Language Vocabulary

Keywords: educational game, sign language
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
Beyond 400 million people in the world have moderate or complete hearing loss and typically communicate with sign language. Learning sign language can be challenging due to the lack of easily accessible learning materials and only a few people know their country's sign language. We present Roguelibras, a Roguelike Deckbuilder serious game that uses the genre's mechanics and gameplay as a mean to learn sign language and can be played even on low-end computers, aiding its use in developing countries. We tested the game with 29 hearing participants, using pre-and post-test questionnaires asking about the meaning of 9 different signs. According to a 5-point Likert scale question, the majority stated they enjoyed the game, while their score significantly improved when comparing knowledge of the signs before and after playing. This shows the potential of the game as an entertaining alternative to help learn sign language.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{inproceedings,
author = {Souza, Alexandre and Pereira, Leonardo and Oliveira, Wilk},
year = {2025},
month = {07},
pages = {},
title = {Analyzing the Potential of a Roguelike Deckbuilder Serious Game to Improve Brazilian Sign Language Vocabulary},
doi = {10.1109/ICALT64023.2025.00063}
}
```

Jul 01, 2025 • Laura F. Bezerra, Leonardo T. Pereira, Wilk Oliveira
Analyzing the Potential of a Serious Game for Solid Waste Management Awareness

Keywords: serious games, game-based learning, educational games, sustainability, quasi-experiment
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
The low recycling rate in emerging countries contrasts with the efforts of public policies and educational initiatives , highlighting the need for new approaches to environmental awareness. This study proposes a serious game called 'Sustainable Planet: Mission Preserve' as an educational tool for teaching sustainable practices. The game emphasizes solid waste management and proper disposal, engaging players in challenges that simulate these actions. To analyze the game's awareness potential, we conducted a quasi-experimental one-group study (N = 32) using pre-and post-interaction questionnaires with the game. This allowed us to assess its impact on participants' ability to classify waste type and its correct disposal. The results indicate a significant increase in participants' awareness, contributing to educational technologies for environmental education.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{inproceedings,
author = {Bezerra, Laura and Pereira, Leonardo and Oliveira, Wilk},
year = {2025},
month = {07},
pages = {},
title = {Analyzing the Potential of a Serious Game for Solid Waste Management Awareness},
doi = {10.1109/ICALT64023.2025.00024}
}
```

Jul 01, 2025 • Wilk Oliveira, Pasqueline Scaico, Juho Hamari, Leonardo Pereira and Alexandre Hayasaka
The Effects of Gamification on Students' Emotions: A Controlled Experimental Study

Keywords: Gamification, game-based learning, emotions, learning technologies, controlled experiment
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
One of the primary objectives of gamified educationis to promote students’ behavior change to provide a positive learning experience. Most studies, however, focus exclusively on studying how students experience the systems, ignoring the emotions generated by sensory information. To fill this lack, we conducted a between-subjects controlled experiment (N = 62) to analyze the effects of gamification on students’ basic emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust). Based on descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, we compared the students’ basic emotions between participants who used a gamified version of a learning management system (experimental group) and a group that used the system with identical educational tasks without gamification (control group). The primary results reveal that anger was the most frequently observed emotion in both system versions, whereas scare was the least expressed emotion in both versions. No significant differences in emotions between groups were registered. We contribute especially to the fields of educational technologies and gamification with insights into the effects of gamification on students’ basic emotions.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{inproceedings,
author = {Oliveira, Wilk and Scaico, Pasqueline and Hamari, Juho and Pereira, Leonardo and Hayasaka, Alexandre},
year = {2025},
month = {07},
pages = {},
title = {The Effects of Gamification on Students' Emotions: A Controlled Experimental Study},
doi = {10.1109/ICALT64023.2025.00057}
}
```

Apr 07, 2025 • Matheus dos Santos Luccas, Leonardo T. Pereira, Kalinka C. Branco
Um estudo comparativo de uso de Serious Games para auxiliar o aprendizado de Sistemas Operacionais

Keywords: construtivismo, jogos na educação, sistema operacional, ensino superior, educação tecnológica
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
Este artigo destaca os benefícios dos Serious Games no ensino de Computação, enfatizando motivação e abordagens multivaloradas. Três jogos sérios foram aplicados, utilizando uma abordagem construtivista para o ensino de Sistemas Operacionais. Os jogos abordaram diferentes tópicos com simulações e mecânicas interativas distintas. Graduandos em Computação responderam positivamente aos jogos, demonstrando maior compreensão e motivação, especialmente quando introduzidos no início do período acadêmico. Os resultados foram obtidos via pesquisas de opinião, questionários teóricos e análises de conhecimento. Este estudo destaca o potencial dos Serious Games no ensino de Computação, ressaltando a importância de jogos envolventes, interativos e educacionais.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{educomp,
author = {Matheus Luccas and Leonardo Pereira and Kalinka Castelo Branco},
title = { Um estudo comparativo de uso de Serious Games para auxiliar o aprendizado de Sistemas Operacionais},
booktitle = {Anais do V Simpósio Brasileiro de Educação em Computação},
location = {Juiz de Fora/MG},
year = {2025},
keywords = {},
issn = {3086-0733},
pages = {165--177},
publisher = {SBC},
address = {Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil},
doi = {10.5753/educomp.2025.5332},
url = {https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/educomp/article/view/34195}
}
```

2024

Oct 07, 2024 • Leonardo T. Pereira, T. Yuji Teoi, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Towards Evaluating a Procedural Content Orchestrator Gameplay Data to Differentiate User Profiles

Keywords: procedural content generation, player profiling, gameplay metrics evaluation
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
We tested a procedural content orchestration algorithm against 15 anonymous users, against 12 different dungeons, played 119 times in total. We used questionnaires to collect data regarding player profiles, and gameplay data to analyze if could identify profiles using them only. Using PCA and clustering techniques, we were able to identify the most important attributes one may collect from gameplay data to analyze and differentiate play-styles. We also identified that the dungeon's characteristics have a heavy influence on analyzing profiles through gameplay, and a more controlled environment may be needed to identify player profiles. More data and further analysis are needed to extract player profiles from gameplay data, but preliminary results show promise.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{pereira:2024:wiplay,
author = {Leonardo Pereira and Yuji Teoi and Claudio Toledo},
title = { Towards Evaluating a Procedural Content Orchestrator Gameplay Data to Differentiate User Profiles},
booktitle = {Anais do III Workshop sobre Interação e Pesquisa de Usuários no Desenvolvimento de Jogos},
location = {Brasília/DF},
year = {2024},
keywords = {},
issn = {0000-0000},
pages = {75--86},
publisher = {SBC},
address = {Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil},
doi = {10.5753/wiplay.2024.245483},
url = {https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/wiplay/article/view/31181}
}
```

Sep 30, 2024 • T. Yuji Teoi, Leonardo T. Pereira, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Towards Adapting a Content Orchestrator to a Different GameGenre: Generating Levels, Rules, and Narrative for Diverse Player Profiles from a Top-down Adventure to a 2D Platformer

Keywords: procedural content generation, content orchestration, digital games, platformer
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
Procedural Content Generation for multiple game content facets is a challenge for the game industry and academia. A content orchestrator is a software that can manage different procedural content generators, mixing their outputs while maintaining coherence and feasibility. We adapted a content orchestrator, originally meant for a top-down adventure game, to a 2D platformer. Both versions procedurally generate Levels, Rules, and Narrative, while adapting to distinct player profiles. A pre-test questionnaire is used to evaluate the player profile, and a post-test questionnaire is used to evaluate the game prototype we developed for this experimental purpose and the procedurally generated content. Results show the game was fun, challenging, interesting to explore, and with a moderate difficulty. Although with a limited sample, our results indicate the system was able to target content based on profiles. Therefore, this is a first step into understanding how a content orchestrator can be adapted to different game genres.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{teoi:2024,
author = {Yuji Teoi and Leonardo Pereira and Claudio Toledo},
title = { Towards Adapting a Content Orchestrator to a Different GameGenre: 
Generating Levels, Rules, and Narrative for Diverse Player Profiles from a 
Top-down Adventure to a 2D Platformer},
booktitle = {Anais do XXIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital},
location = {Manaus/AM},
year = {2024},
keywords = {},
issn = {0000-0000},
pages = {396--415},
publisher = {SBC},
address = {Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil},
doi = {10.5753/sbgames.2024.240282},
url = {https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/sbgames/article/view/32327}
}
```

Sep 30, 2024 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Orlando A. Figueiredo, Kamila R. H. Rodrigues, Kalinka C. Branco, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Re-G3X: Pesquisa em jogos, gamificação, jogos sérios e XR

Keywords: Procedural Content Generation, Artificial Intelligence, Serious Games, Human-Computer Interaction, Gamification
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
O artigo apresenta o grupo de pesquisa ReG3X (Pesquisa em Jogos, Gamificaçao, Jogos Sérios, e Realidade Estendida) Este é um grupo recente, criado com a parceria do ICMC-USP e IGCE-UNESP, bem como parceiros de outros institutos. O grupo de pesquisa sobre geraçao procedural de conteúdo e outros usos de Inteligência Artificial, Engenharia de Software, Interaçao Humano-Computador em jogos, além de jogos sérios e gamificaç ao. Apesar de recente, o grupo tem publicaçoes em revistas como Expert System with Applications, Soft Applied Computing, IEEE Transactions on Games e Interacting with Computers, e conferências como like IEEE Conference on Games, Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems e SBGames.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{reg3x:2024,
author = {Leonardo Pereira and Orlando Figueiredo and Kamila Rodrigues and Kalinka Branco and Claudio Toledo},
title = {Re-G3X: Pesquisa em jogos, gamificação, jogos sérios e XR},
booktitle = {Anais do XXIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital},
location = {Manaus/AM},
year = {2024},
publisher = {SBC},
address = {Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil},
url = {https://sbgames.org/sbgames2024/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/241754_2.pdf}
}
```

Sep 30, 2024 • Pedro Michalichem, Leonardo Pereira, Kamila Rodrigues
Task Complete: A gamified solution to exercise positive habits in players with Intellectual Disabilities

Keywords: Gamified Web Solution, Task Complete, Game Design, Game Evaluation, Accessibility, Intellectual Disability
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
This paper describes creating and evaluating a gamified solution called Task Complete, which aims to support productivity and encourage positive habits in its players, especially people with Intellectual Disabilities. The solution transforms everyday tasks into motivational elements, engaging users through virtual rewards. It was designed following principles of User Centered Design, as well as developed and evaluated considering accessibility and usability requirements. The PENS model and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)1 were considered in the project, seeking to make the solution inclusive for various user profiles.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{michalichem:2024,
author = {Pedro Michalichem and Leonardo Pereira and Kamila Rodrigues},
title = { Task Complete: A gamified solution to exercise positive habits in players with Intellectual Disabilities},
booktitle = {Anais do XXIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital},
location = {Manaus/AM},
year = {2024},
keywords = {},
issn = {0000-0000},
pages = {474--495},
publisher = {SBC},
address = {Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil},
doi = {10.5753/sbgames.2024.241189},
url = {https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/sbgames/article/view/32331}
}
```

Sep 30, 2024 • Laura Scotelari, Matheus Luccas, Leonardo Pereira, Kalinka Branco
Comunicação Eficaz em Games: Utilização de Elementos Visuais no Design de Jogos

Keywords: Elementos pictóricos, Estética, Respostas emocionais, Games, Serious Games
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
Em jogos, atenção aos elementos artísticos melhoram a transmissão da informação. Este trabalho explora técnicas para integrar o desenvolvimento de jogos com escolhas artísticas adequadas. Elementos pictóricos como cores, linhas, texturas e formas devem ser cautelosamente selecionados para garantir correto entendimento do jogo e seu conteúdo educacional. O mesmo se aplica à criação de personagens e interfaces. Também é discutido como integrar técnicas do Construtivismo nessas decisões pode promover aprendizado ativo e eficaz em jogos sérios, ao escolher cuidadosamente elementos de apresentação direcionado ao engajamento e retenção dos jogadores, favorecendo o uso de jogos no ensino.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{scotelari:2024b,
author = {Laura Scotelari and Matheus Luccas and Leonardo Pereira and Kalinka Branco},
title = { Comunicação Eficaz em Games: Utilização de Elementos Visuais no Design de Jogos},
booktitle = {Anais do XXIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital},
location = {Manaus/AM},
year = {2024},
keywords = {},
issn = {0000-0000},
pages = {216--228},
publisher = {SBC},
address = {Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil},
doi = {10.5753/sbgames.2024.241284},
url = {https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/sbgames/article/view/32311}
}
```

Sep 30, 2024 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Kamila R. H. Rodrigues, Claudio F. M. Toledo, T. Yuji Teoi,
Understanding players to enhance their fun: how to extract player data and motivation factors for procedural content generation

Keywords: Player Modeling, Player Behavior, User Profiling, Digital Games, Procedural Content Generation
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
This paper uses results from recent literature on player data collection and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) fundamentals to classify the data collected by gaming systems to identify different types of players and their motivators. Our study proposes to address the lack of standards and ambiguous identification of data and collection techniques, which hinders progress in the Procedural Content Generation field. Our proposed classification may help researchers and game developers build metrics to evaluate users' motivators and player types, fostering the chance to generate game content to optimize performance, fun, and user satisfaction when playing.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{pereira:2024:sbgames,
author = {Leonardo Pereira and Kamila Rodrigues and Claudio Toledo and T. Teoi},
title = { Understanding players to enhance their fun: how to extract player 
data and motivation factors for procedural content generation},
booktitle = {Anais Estendidos do XXIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital},
location = {0},
year = {2024},
keywords = {},
issn = {0000-0000},
pages = {37--42},
publisher = {SBC},
address = {Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil},
doi = {10.5753/sbgames_estendido.2024.241181},
url = {https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/sbgames_estendido/article/view/32001}
}
```

2022

Feb 19, 2022 • Breno M. F. Viana, Leonardo T. Pereira, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Illuminating the Space of Enemies Through MAP-Elites

Keywords: enemy generation, procedural content generation, video game, evolutionary algorithm, map-elites
Abstract• BibTeX• Preprint

Abstract
Action-Adventure games have several challenges to overcome, where the most common are enemies. The enemies' goal is to hinder the players' progression by taking life points, and the way they hinder this progress is distinct for different kinds of enemies. In this context, this paper introduces an extended version of an evolutionary approach for procedurally generating enemies that target the enemy's difficulty as the goal. Our approach advances the enemy generation research by incorporating a MAP-Elites population to generate diverse enemies without losing quality. The computational experiment showed the method converged most enemies in the MAP-Elites in less than a second for most cases. Besides, we experimented with players who played an Action-Adventure game prototype with enemies we generated. This experiment showed that the players enjoyed most levels they played, and we successfully created enemies perceived as easy, medium, or hard to face.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@article{viana2022illuminatingenemies,
  title={Illuminating the Space of Enemies Through MAP-Elites},
  author={Viana, Breno M. F. and Pereira, Leonardo T. and Toledo, Claudio F. M.},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.09615},
  year={2022}
}
```

Feb 18, 2022 • Breno M. F. Viana, Leonardo T. Pereira, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Illuminating the Space of Dungeon Maps, Locked-door Missions and Enemy Placement Through MAP-Elites

Keywords: evolutionary algorithm, map-elites, procedural content generation, level generation, mission generation, video game
Abstract• BibTeX• Preprint

Abstract
Procedural Content Generation (PCG) methods are valuable tools to speed up the game development process. Moreover, PCG may also present in games as features, such as the procedural dungeon generation (PDG) in Moonlighter (Digital Sun, 2018). This paper introduces an extended version of an evolutionary dungeon generator by incorporating a MAP-Elites population. Our dungeon levels are discretized with rooms that may have locked-door missions and enemies within them. We encoded the dungeons through a tree structure to ensure the feasibility of missions. We performed computational and user feedback experiments to evaluate our PDG approach. They show that our approach accurately converges almost the whole MAP-Elite population for most executions. Finally, players' feedback indicates that they enjoyed the generated levels, and they could not indicate an algorithm as a level generator.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@article{viana2022illuminatinglevels,
  title={Illuminating the Space of Dungeon Maps, Locked-door Missions and Enemy Placement Through MAP-Elites},
  author={Viana, Breno M. F. and Pereira, Leonardo T. and Toledo, Claudio F. M.},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.09301},
  year={2022}
}
```

2021

Dec 20, 2021 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Breno M. F. Viana, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Procedural Enemy Generation through Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm

Keywords: enemy generation, procedural content generation, video games, parallel evolutionary algorithm
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
This paper uses results from recent literature on player data collection and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) fundamentals to classify the data collected by gaming systems to identify different types of players and their motivators. Our study proposes to address the lack of standards and ambiguous identification of data and collection techniques, which hinders progress in the Procedural Content Generation field. Our proposed classification may help researchers and game developers build metrics to evaluate users' motivators and player types, fostering the chance to generate game content to optimize performance, fun, and user satisfaction when playing.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@INPROCEEDINGS{9637547,
  author={Pereira, Leonardo T. and Viana, Breno M. F. and Toledo, Claudio F. M.},
  booktitle={2021 20th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames)}, 
  title={Procedural Enemy Generation through Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm}, 
  year={2021},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={126-135},
  keywords={Machine learning algorithms;Weapons;Impedance matching;Loading;Prototypes;Entertainment industry;
  Games;enemy generation;procedural content generation;video games;parallel evolutionary algorithm},
  doi={10.1109/SBGames54170.2021.00024}}
```

Dec 20, 2021 • Yure P. N. Oliveira, Claudio F. M. Toledo, Leonardo T. Pereira
Project Éden: platform for introductory programming concepts

Keywords: serious game, learning process, programming tool, videogame
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
The area of programming is perceived as complex and requires challenging skills, and programming courses have some of the highest dropout rates. Educational games are good solutions to these problems as they promote student engagement and an immersive learning experience. In this context, the present paper discuss the development and the validation of a more complete and more playful version of the Project Éden game, which aims to improve the learning process of coding. The player needs to instantiate variables and modify their values, and also must interpret, choose, and adjust in code form to advance through the stages and reach the final challenge. The game was developed with a methodology based on the evolutionary prototype concept. A set of users evaluated the game, and the results reported a satisfactory user experience. The game was considered fun with valuable tips for solving problems with content approached playfully and understandably by undergraduate, graduate students, and professors.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{oliveira:2021,
author = {Yure Oliveira and Claudio Toledo and Leonardo Pereira},
title = { Project Éden: platform for introductory programming concepts},
booktitle = {Anais Estendidos do XX Simpósio Brasileiro de Jogos e Entretenimento Digital},
location = {Online},
year = {2021},
keywords = {},
issn = {0000-0000},
pages = {566--573},
publisher = {SBC},
address = {Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil},
doi = {10.5753/sbgames_estendido.2021.19690},
url = {https://sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/sbgames_estendido/article/view/19690}
}
```

Oct 18, 2021 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Breno M. F. Viana, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Procedural Enemy Generation through Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm

Keywords: enemy generation, procedural content generation, video games, parallel evolutionary algorithm
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper • PDF

Abstract
This research presents a Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm (PEA) that generates enemies with diverse characteristics, such as the enemy's health, weapons, and movement. Our PEA aims to create enemies matching their difficulty degrees with the difficulty goal given as input parameter. We designed our algorithm in this way to be future used in an online adaptive generation system. We experimented with a set of generated enemies with an Action-Adventure game prototype as a testbed. The results show that players evaluated our approach positively, successfully creating enemies considered easy, medium, or hard to face, as defined by their original fitness' target value. Besides, the players found the game fun to play for all difficulty levels played, and the perceived challenge rose as the PEA fitness was higher. In terms of performance results, our PEA converged into the input solution in less than a second for most cases, denoting its future use in online adaptive applications.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@INPROCEEDINGS{9637547,
  author={Pereira, Leonardo T. and Viana, Breno M. F. and Toledo, Claudio F. M.},
  booktitle={2021 20th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames)},
  title={Procedural Enemy Generation through Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm},
  year={2021},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={126-135},
  doi={10.1109/SBGames54170.2021.00024}
}
```

2020

Nov 07, 2020 • Matheus dos Santos Luccas, Leonardo T. Pereira, Julio C. Estrella, Kalinka C. Branco
Uma abordagem fazendo uso de serious games para ensino de Sistemas Operacionais

Keywords: Jogos para Sistemas Operacionais, Escalonamento de Processos, Race Conditions, Threads, Serious Games
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
Este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de três jogos, de propósito educacional, projetados para servirem de ferramenta de auxílio ao ensino da disciplina de Sistemas Operacionais, que e ministrada em grande parte dos cursos de computação de nível superior. A forma adotada para que esses jogos fossem aplicados ao ensino dessa disciplina se justifica nos princípios do construtivismo. As mecânicas, jogabilidades e ambientações dos três jogos bem como os seus motivos de existência, justificados pelo propósito educacional, são apresentados com um aclaramento e uma exploração dos tópicos da disciplina que regem a forma dos jogos. Um teste e estudo com alunos da Universidade de São Paulo, campus de São Carlos, envolvendo a aplicação desses três jogos foi realizado, e os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o uso de jogos sinaliza para a melhora do processo de ensino e aprendizagem.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{luccas:2020,
title   = {Uma abordagem fazendo uso de serious games para ensino de sistemas operacionais},
author = {Luccas, Matheus dos Santos and Pereira, Leonardo Tortoro and Estrella, 
Júlio Cezar and Branco, Kalinka Regina Lucas Jaquie Castelo},
year = {2020},
publisher = {SBC},
booktitle   = {Simpósio Brasileiro de Games e Entretenimento Digital - SBGames}
}
```

2019

Oct 28, 2019 • Fabrício G. Faria, Leonardo T. Pereira, Cláudio Toledo
Adaptive Generation of Characters for Tabletop Role Playing Games

Keywords: evolutionary algorithm, procedural content generation, character generation, tabletop, RPG, user input
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
This paper tries to solve the problem where automated character creation for Tabletop RPGs is completely random and does not fully pleases certain players, especially those that have difficulty in being creative and adapting characters to their personal tastes. To accomplish that, the usage of a Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) was proposed, in conjunction with the user's input (positive or negative) during generations, to create characters focused on having traits that are catered to each individual's taste. The generated traits are 'Race', 'Class', 'Size', 'Visual Trait', 'Personality' and 'Quirk'. The fitness calculation for each individual was made using trait tables with weights previously defined by the programmer, and posteriorly by the user's evaluation of the characters during execution. The project was made using the Unity game engine with C# language, to take advantage of the tool's easy interface creation. It was produced as a phone application, for ease of distribution and general use. The application was tested with a variety of users, and the results, presented in the form of graphs, indicate that the rejection rate was almost null, with the great majority of users recognizing the gradual improvement of suggestions between generations, and evaluating positively the characters generated by the algorithm.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@INPROCEEDINGS{faria:2019:sbgames,
  author={Faria, Fabrício Guedes and Pereira, Leonardo Tórtoro and Toledo, Cláudio Fabiano Motta},
  booktitle={2019 18th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames)}, 
  title={Adaptive Generation of Characters for Tabletop Role Playing Games}, 
  year={2019},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={39-46},
  keywords={Games;Generators;Phonocardiography;Machine learning algorithms;
  Character generation;Computational modeling;Evolutionary computation;evolutionary algorithm;
  procedural content generation;character generation;tabletop RPG;user input},
  doi={10.1109/SBGames.2019.00016}}
```

2018

Nov 01, 2018 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Fernando Silva, Paula T. Palomino, Claudio Toledo, Seiji Isotani
A abordagem construtivista no desenvolvimento de um serious game do gênero escape room

Keywords: Construtivismo, Serious Games, Aprendizagem baseada em Jogos Digitais, Escape Room, Lógica de Programação
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa e experimento na área de aprendizagem baseada em jogos digitais, utilizando-se da abordagem construtivista para o desenvolvimento de um serious game educacional do gênero escape room cujo objetivo é ensinar conceitos básicos de lógica de programação para estudantes que nunca tiveram contato com a área. O experimento consistiu da aplicação de questionário pré-teste, intervenção com a interação dos alunos com o game e questionário pós-teste, a fim de verificar dois aspectos da aprendizagem: a assimilação do conteúdo em si e a transferência de conhecimento.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{pereira:2018,
author = {Pereira, Leonardo and Silva, Fernando and Toledo Palomino, Paula and Toledo, Claudio and Isotani, Seiji},
year = {2018},
month = {11},
pages = {},
title = {A abordagem construtivista no desenvolvimento de um serious game do gênero escape room}
}
```

Oct 29, 2018 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Fernando H. C. Silva, Paula T. Palomino, Seiji Isotani
A abordagem construtivista no desenvolvimento de um serious game do gênero escape room

Keywords: Construtivismo, Serious Games, Aprendizagem baseada em Jogos Digitais, Escape Room, Lógica de Programação
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa e experimento na área de aprendizagem baseada em jogos digitais, utilizando-se da abordagem construtivista para o desenvolvimento de um serious game educacional do gênero escape room cujo objetivo é ensinar conceitos básicos de lógica de programação para estudantes que nunca tiveram contato com a área. O experimento consistiu da aplicação de questionário pré-teste, intervenção com a interação dos alunos com o game e questionário pós-teste, a fim de verificar dois aspectos da aprendizagem: a assimilação do conteúdo em si e a transferência de conhecimento.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{pereira:2018,
author = {Pereira, Leonardo and Silva, Fernando and Toledo Palomino, Paula and Toledo, Claudio and Isotani, Seiji},
year = {2018},
month = {11},
pages = {},
title = {A abordagem construtivista no desenvolvimento de um serious game do gênero escape room}
}
```

Oct 04, 2018 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Paulo V. S. Prado, Claudio Toledo
Evolving Dungeon Maps With Locked Door Missions

Keywords:
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
The present paper proposes an evolutionary algorithm for procedural content generation of dungeon maps together with locked door missions. The algorithm evolves a tree structure which contains information of a dungeon. The aim is to converge the generated dungeons as close as possible to the input configuration set by a game designer. The dungeon holds information about rooms such as their number, connections between them and position in a 2D map (also knows as grid). It also contains relevant semantic information for generating narrative properties in the dungeon. Those are the placement of keys and locks in it, in a feasible way. Results show the algorithm is able to create dungeons within the desired configurations for a large set of different inputs. Also, they show the generated maps are perceived as human-designed, and evoke similar opinions of fun and difficulty when compared to human-designed maps.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@INPROCEEDINGS{pereira:2018:cec,
  author={Pereira, Leonardo T. and Prado, Paulo V.S. and Toledo, Claudio},
  booktitle={2018 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)}, 
  title={Evolving Dungeon Maps With Locked Door Missions}, 
  year={2018},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={1-8},
  keywords={Games;Vegetation;Space missions;Semantics;Two dimensional displays;Layout;Task analysis},
  doi={10.1109/CEC.2018.8477718}}
```

2016

Nov 06, 2016 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Claudio Toledo, Lucas N. Ferreira, Levi H.S. Lelis
Learning to Speed Up Evolutionary Content Generation in Physics-Based Puzzle Games

Keywords: Evolutionary Algorithm, Machine Learning, Procedural Content Generation, Classification, Video Game
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
Procedural content generation (PCG) systems are designed to automatically generate content for video games. PCG for physics-based puzzles requires one to simulate the game to ensure feasibility and stability of the objects composing the puzzle. The major drawback of this simulation-based approach is the overall running time of the PCG process, as the simulations can be computationally expensive. This paper introduces a method that uses machine learning to reduce the number of simulations performed by an evolutionary approach while generating levels of Angry Birds, a physics-based puzzle game. Our method uses classifiers to verify the stability and feasibility of the levels considered during search. The fitness function is computed only for levels that are classified as stable and feasible. An approximation of the fitness that does not require simulations is used for levels that are deemed as unstable or unfeasible by the classifiers. Our experiments show that naively approximating the fitness values can lead to poor solutions. We then introduce an approach in which the fitness values are approximated with the average fitness value of the levels' parents added to a penalty value. This approximation scheme allows the search procedure to find good-quality solutions much more quickly than a competing approach-we reduce from 43 to 25 minutes the running time required to generate one level of Angry Birds.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@INPROCEEDINGS{pereira:2016,
  author={Pereira, Leonardo T. and Toledo, Claudio and Ferreira, Lucas N. and Lelis, Levi H.S.},
  booktitle={2016 IEEE 28th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI)}, 
  title={Learning to Speed Up Evolutionary Content Generation in Physics-Based Puzzle Games}, 
  year={2016},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={901-907},
  keywords={Conferences;Artificial intelligence;Evolutionary Algorithm;Machine Learning;
  Procedural Content Generation;Classification;Video Game},
  doi={10.1109/ICTAI.2016.0139}}
```

2014

Jul 12, 2014 • Lucas Ferreira, Leonardo T. Pereira, Claudio Toledo, Rodrigo Pereira
Evolutionary approaches to evolve AI scripts for a RTS game

Keywords: real time strategy, games, evolutionary algorithms, artificial intelligence
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
This paper evaluates three different Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) for generating non-player characters (NPCs) via Artificial Intelligence scripts for a Real Time Strategy (RTS) game. The first approach executes only a Genetic Algorithm (GA), while the second and third ones combine GA with a Dynamic Scripting approach. The Bos Wars game is used for testing these EAs, which are able to create and to evolve strategies of this RTS game coded as scripts in LUA language. In order to do this, the EA communicates with Bos Wars' engine by sending scripts, playing matches and capturing statistical data to evaluate its individuals.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{10.1145/2598394.2598486,
author = {Ferreira, Lucas and Pereira, Leonardo and Toledo, Claudio and Pereira, Rodrigo},
title = {Evolutionary approaches to evolve AI scripts for a RTS game},
year = {2014},
isbn = {9781450328814},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2598394.2598486},
doi = {10.1145/2598394.2598486},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Companion Publication of the 2014 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation},
pages = {47–48},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {real time strategy, games, evolutionary algorithms, artificial intelligence},
location = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
series = {GECCO Comp '14}
}
```

Jul 12, 2014 • Lucas Ferreira, Leonardo T. Pereira, Claudio Toledo
A multi-population genetic algorithm for procedural generation of levels for platform games

Keywords: super mario bros, procedural content generation, platform, genetic algorithm, games
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
This paper presents a multi-population genetic algorithm for procedural generation of levels for platform games such as Super Mario Bros (SMB). The algorithm evolves four aspects of the game during its generations: terrain, enemies, coins and blocks. Each aspect has its own codification, population and fitness function. At the end of the evolution, the best four aspects are combined to construct the level. The method has as input a vector of parameters to configure the characteristics of each aspect. Experiments were made to evaluate the capability of the method in generating interesting levels. Results showed the method can be controlled to generate different types of levels.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@inproceedings{10.1145/2598394.2598489,
author = {Ferreira, Lucas and Pereira, Leonardo and Toledo, Claudio},
title = {A multi-population genetic algorithm for procedural generation of levels for platform games},
year = {2014},
isbn = {9781450328814},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2598394.2598489},
doi = {10.1145/2598394.2598489},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Companion Publication of the 2014 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation},
pages = {45–46},
numpages = {2},
keywords = {super mario bros, procedural content generation, platform, genetic algorithm, games},
location = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
series = {GECCO Comp '14}
}
```

Thesis

2022

Oct 12, 2022 • Leonardo T. Pereira, Breno M. F. Viana, Claudio F. M. Toledo
Arquitetura e desenvolvimento de um sistema de geração procedural de múltiplos conteúdos para jogos eletrônicos em tempo real

Keywords: Algoritmo evolutivo, Arquitetura de software, Design de sistemas, Geração de conteúdo em tempo real, Geração procedural de conteúdo
Abstract• BibTeX• Full Paper

Abstract
É apresentado um sistema capaz de orquestrar a geração procedural de múltiplos conteúdos, usando diferentes técnicas de criatividade computacional, e capaz de gerar os conteúdos em tempo real. Os conteúdos gerados são calabouços, o posicionamento de inimigos, chaves e fechaduras em suas salas, os inimigos que serão colocados no calabouço, missões para o jogador completar, e as salas do calabouço. São usados algoritmos evolutivos, MAP-Elites, Gramáticas Formais, Cadeias de Markov e Autômatos Celulares para criar tais conteúdos. Eles são organizados por um orquestrador e colocados em um protótipo de jogo. No último estágio do sistema, o conteúdo pode ser gerado em tempo real, tão logo quanto são coletados os dados do jogador para usar de entrada, através de uma análise de perfis baseada em regras. Também é descrita uma arquitetura e design de sistema, que permitiram a adição de novos geradores e a troca de algoritmos para cada gerador com certa facilidade. Diferentes experimentos com jogadores foram realizados para testar diferentes algoritmos e configurações do sistema, todos com resultados positivos, e com os jogadores divertindo-se ao jogar os conteúdos resultantes. Jogadores que jogaram o conteúdo baseado em seus perfis divertiram-se mais do que aqueles que jogaram conteúdo de outro perfil. Isso mostra que nosso identificador de perfis com base em regras pode guiar os geradores para bons resultados.
BibTeX • Copiar
```
@phdthesis{pereira:2022:phd,
  author    = {Leonardo Tortoro Pereira},
  title     = {Arquitetura e desenvolvimento de um sistema de geração procedural 
  de múltiplos conteúdos para jogos eletrônicos em tempo real},
  school    = {Universidade de São Paulo},
  address   = {São Carlos},
  year      = {2022},
  month     = dec,
  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.11606/T.55.2022.tde-28032023-091310},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.11606/T.55.2022.tde-28032023-091310},
  language  = {pt-BR},
  note      = {Tese de Doutorado, Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação.},
  keywords  = {Algoritmo evolutivo, Arquitetura de software, Design de sistemas, 
  Geração de conteúdo em tempo real, Geração procedural de conteúdo},
  advisor   = {Toledo, Cláudio Fabiano Motta},
  committee = {
    Toledo, Cláudio Fabiano Motta (Presidente),
    Liapis, Antonios,
    Ontanon, Santiago,
    Osório, Fernando Santos
  }
}
```

Publications

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2025

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2022

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2021

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2017

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2024

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2022

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2021

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2020

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2019

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2018

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2016

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2014

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2022

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